Reaction of phthalimide with an alkyl halide leads to formation of a N-alkyl phthalimide, which can be cleaved hydrolytically to yield a primary amine.

mechanism

Preparation of a formyl-substituted aromatic derivative from an aromatic substrate by reaction with hydrogen cyanide and  hydrogen chloride in the presence of a catalyst

mechanism

The Glaser reaction is an oxidative coupling of terminal alkynes to yield a symmetrical bis-acetylene; the coupling step is catalyzed by a copper salt.

mechanism

Oxidative cleavage of vicinal diols. The oxidative cleavage of the central carbon–carbon bond in a vicinal diol, by
reaction with periodic acid, yields two carbonyl compounds.

mechanism

Organomagnesium compounds (Grignard reagents), can be prepared by reaction of an alkyl or aryl halide RX with magnesium metal. The Grignard compounds by reaction with carbonyl compound yields a magnesium alkoxide, which yields an alcohol upon hydrolytic workup

mechanism