Nomenclature of Anhydrides
They are named by adding the term anhydride to the name of the acid (ethanoic anhydride).
Preparation of Anhydrides
They are prepared by the condensation of carboxylic acids with loss of water. Another reaction that generates them is that of a carboxylate with alkanoyl halides.
Reaction with Water
It hydrolyzes with water at room temperature, although much more slowly than alkanoyl halides.
Reaction with Alcohols
Anhydrides react with alcohols to form esters.
Reaction with Amines and Ammonia
Anhydrides react with amines and ammonia to form amides.
Reduction to Alcohols and Aldehydes
Lithium aluminum hydride transforms them into alcohols and DIBAL into aldehydes.
Reactivity of Cyclic Anhydrides
Cyclic anhydrides are opened by nucleophilic attack; at one end of the chain, a carboxylic acid is obtained, and at the other, an ester or amide, depending on whether the attacking nucleophile is an alcohol or amine.
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